Brain Development
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The effect of Atlantic salmon consumption on the cognitive performance of preschool children - A randomized controlled trial
Demmelmair H, Øyen J, Pickert T, et al.
Clin Nutr. 38:2558-2568
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Randomized controlled trial of brain specific fatty acid supplementation in pregnant women increases brain volumes on MRI scans of their newborn infants.
Ogundipe E, Tusor N, Wang Y, et al.
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 138:6-13.
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Advocacy for Improving Nutrition in the First 1000 Days to Support Childhood Development and Adult Health
Schwarzenberg SJ, Georgieff MK; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition (2018)
Pediatrics. 141:e20173716
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Prenatal DHA supplementation and infant attention
Colombo J, Gustafson KM, Gajewski BJ, et al. (2016)
Pediatr Res. 80:656-62
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Prenatal supplementation with DHA improves attention at 5 y of age: a randomized controlled trial
Ramakrishnan U, Gonzalez-Casanova I, Schnaas L, et al. (2016)
Am J Clin Nutr. 104:1075-82
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Effects of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during pregnancy on fetal heart rate and variability: A randomized clinical trial
Gustafson KM, Carlson SE, Colombo J, et al. (2013)
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids.88:331-8
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Maternal consumption of a DHA-containing functional food benefits infant sleep patterning: an early neurodevelopmental measure
Judge MP, Cong X, Harel O, et al. (2012)
Early Hum Dev. 88:531-7
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Effects of prenatal fish oil and 5 methyltetrahydrofolate supplementation on cognitive development of children at 6.5 y of age
Campoy C, Escolano-Margarit MV, Ramos R (2011)
Am J Clin Nutr. 94:1880S-8
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Prenatal DHA status and neurological outcomes in children aged 5.5 years are positively associated
Escalano-Margarit MV, Ramos R, Beyer J et al. (2011)
J Nutr. 141:1216-23
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Neurophysiologic and neurobehavioral evidence of beneficial effects of prenatal omega-3 fatty acid intake on memory function at school age
Boucher O, Burden MJ, Muckle G, et al. (2011)
Am J Clin Nutr. 93:1025-37
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Effects of early maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake on neuropsychological status and visual acuity at five years of age of breast-fed term infants
Jensen CL, Voigt RG, Llorente AM, et al. (2010)
J Pediatr. 157:900-5
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Relationship between long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids at birth and motor function at 7 years of age
Bakker EC, Hornstra G, Blanco CE, Vles JS (2009)
Eur J Clin Nutr. 63:499-504
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Effect of supplementing pregnant and lactating mothers with n-3 very-long-chain fatty acids on children’s IQ and body mass index at 7 years of age
Helland IB, Smith I, Blomen B, et al. (2008)
Pediatrics. 122:e472-9
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Beneficial effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid on infant development: evidence from the Inuit of arctic Quebec
Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW, Muckle G, et al. (2008)
J Pediatr. 152:356-64
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Cognitive assessment of children at age 2(1/2)years after maternal fish oil supplementation in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial
Dunstan JA, Simmer K, Dixon G, Prescott SL (2008)
Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 93:F45-50
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Maternal consumption of a docosahexaenoic acid- containing functional food during pregnancy; benefit for infant performance on problem-solving but not recognition memory tasks at 9 mo.
Judge MP, Harel O, Lammi-Keefe CJ (2007)
Am J Clin Nutr. 85:1572-7
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Effects of maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake on visual function and neurodevelopment in breastfed term infants
Jensen CL, Voigt RG, Prager TC, et al. (2005)
Am J Clin Nutr. 82:125-32
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Maternal; DHA and the development of attention in infancy and toddlerhood
Colombo J, Kannass KN, Shaddy DJ, et al. (2004)
Child Dev. 75:1254-67
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Maternal Supplementation With Very-Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acids During Pregnancy and Lactation Augments Children’s IQ at 4 Years of Age
Helland IB, Smith L, Saarem K, et al. (2003)
Pediatrics. 111:e39-44.
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Higher maternal plasma docosahexaenoic acid during pregnancy is associated with a more mature neonatal sleep-state patterning
Cheruku SR, Montgomery-Downs HE , Farakas SL, et al. (2002)
Am J Clin Nutr. 76:608-13
Visual Development
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Prenatal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation has long- term effects on childhood behavioral and brain responses during performance on an inhibitory task.
Gustafson KM, Liao K, Mathis NB, et al.
Nutr Neurosci. 20:1-11.
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The Kansas University DHA Outcomes Study (KUDOS) clinical trial: long-term behavioral follow-up of the effects of prenatal DHA supplementation
Colombo J, Shaddy DJ, Gustafson K, et al.
Am J Clin Nutr. 109:1380-92.
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Prenatal maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake and infant information processing at 4.5mo and 9mo: A longitudinal study
Rees A, Sirois S, Wearden A
PLoS One. 14(2):e0210984
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n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in Mothers, Preterm Infants, and Term Infants and Childhood Psychomotor and Visual Development: A Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis
Shulkin M, Pimpin L, Bellinger D, et al.
J Nutr. 148:409-18.
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Docosahexaenoic acid preserves visual function by maintaining correct disc morphology in retinal photoreceptor cells
Shindou H, Koso H, Sasaki J, et al. (2017)
J Biol Chem. 292:12054-64
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Long-term effects of prenatal omega-3 fatty acid intake on visual function in school-age children
Jacques C, Levy E, Muckle G, et al. (2011)
J Pediatr. 158:83-90
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Essential n-3 fatty acids in pregnant women and early visual acuity maturation in term infants
Innis SM and Friesen RW (2008)
Am J Clin Nutr. 87:548-57
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A docosahexaenoic acid- functional food during pregnancy benefits infant visual acuity at 4 but not 6 months of age
Judge MP, Harel O, Lammi-Keefe CJ (2007)
Lipids. 42:117-22
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Maternal Fish oil supplementation in lactation:effect on visual acuity and n-3 fatty acid content of infant erythrocytes
Lauritzen L, Jørgensen MH, Mikkelsen TB, et al. (2004)
Lipids. 39:195-206
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Maternal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during pregnancy and visual evoked potential development in term infants: a double blind, prospective, randomised trial
Malcolm C, McCulloch D, Montgomery C, et al. (2003)
Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 88:F383-90
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Scotopic electroretinogram in term infants born of mothers supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid during pregnancy
Malcolm CA, Hamilton R, McCulloch DL, et al. (2003)
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 44:3685-91
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Are human milk long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids related to visual and neural development in breast-fed term infants?
Innis SM, Gilley J, Werker J (2001)
J Pediatr. 139:532-8
Pre-Term Birth
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A Randomized Trial of Prenatal n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation and Preterm Delivery
Makrides M, Best K, Yelland L, et al.
BJOG. 127:975-81.
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Information for Health Care Professionals
South Australia Health & Medical Research Institute
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Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy
Middleton P, Gomersall JC, Gould JF, Shepherd E, Olsen SF, Makrides M.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 11. Art. No.: CD003402
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Marine oil, and other prostaglandin precursor, supplementation for pregnancy uncomplicated by pre-eclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction
Makrides M, Duley L, Olsen SF (2006)
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Issue 3, Article No. CD003402
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Assessment of DHA on reducing early preterm birth: the ADORE randomized controlled trial protocol
Carlson SE, Gajewski BJ, Valentine CJ, et al. (2017)
BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 17:62
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Current information and Asian perspectives on long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy, lactation, and infancy: systematic review and practice recommendations from an early nutrition academy workshop
Koletzko B, Boey CC, Campoy C, et al. (2014)
Ann Nutr Metab. 65:49-80
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Predicting the effect of maternal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation to reduce early preterm birth in Australia and the United States using results of within country randomized controlled trials
Yelland LN, Gajewski BJ, Colombo J, et al. (2016)
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 112:44-9
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Fish oil supplementation improves pregnancy outcomes and size of the newborn: a meta-analysis of 21 randomized controlled trials
Chen B, Ji X, Zhang L, et al. (2016)
J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 29:2017-27
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Effects of omega-3 fatty acids in prevention of early preterm delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized studies
Kar S, Wong M, Rogozinska E, Thangaratinam S (2016)
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 198:40-6
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DHA supplementation and pregnancy outcomes
Carlson SE, Colombo J, Gajewski BJ, et al. (2013)
Am J Clin Nutr. 97:808-15
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Evidence regarding an effect of marine n-3 fatty acids on preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Salvig JD, Lamont RF (2011)
Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 90:825-38
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Effect of DHA supplementation during pregnancy on maternal depression and neurodevelopment of young children
Makrides M, Gibson R, McPhee A, et al. (2010)
JAMA. 304:1657-83
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Effect of supplementation of women in high-risk pregnancies with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on pregnancy outcomes and growth measures at birth: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Horvath A, Koletzko B, Szajewska H (2007)
Br J Nutr. 98:253-9
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A randomized trial of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy
Smuts CM, Huang M, Mundy D, et al. (2003)
Obstet Gynecol. 101:469-79
Immune System Function
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Effects of supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy on asthma or wheeze of children: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Lin J, Zhang Y, Zhu X, Wang D, Dai J
J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 33:1792-1801
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Effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation during childhood in preventing allergic disease: a systematic review and Meta-Analysis
Zhang Y, Lin J, Zhou R, Zheng X, Dai J (2020)
J Asthma. 10:1-14.
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The roles of omega-3 fatty acids and resolvins in allergic conjunctivitis.
Hirakata T, Yokomizo T, Matsuda A.
Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019 Oct;19(5):517-525.
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Prenatal omega-3 LCPUFA and symptoms of allergic disease and sensitization throughout early childhood - a longitudinal analysis of long-term follow-up of a randomized controlled trial
Best KP, Sullivan TR, Palmer DJ, et al.
World Allergy Organ J. 11:10.
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Fish Oil-Derived Fatty Acids in Pregnancy and Wheeze and Asthma in Offspring
Bisgaard H, Stokholm J, Chawes BL, et al. (2016)
N Engl J Med. 375:2530-9
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Current information and Asian perspectives on long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy, lactation, and infancy: systematic review and practice recommendations from an early nutrition academy workshop
Koletzko B, Boey CC, Campoy C, et al. (2014)
Ann Nutr Metab. 65:49-80
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Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy and respiratory symptoms in children
Escamilla-Nuñez MC, Barraza-Villarreal A, Hernández-Cadena L, et al. (2014)
Chest. 146:373-82
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Modulation of DNA methylation states and infant immune system by dietary supplementation with ω-3 PUFA during pregnancy in an intervention study
Lee HS, Barraza-Villarreal A, Hernandez-Vargas H, et al. (2013)
Am J Clin Nutr. 98:480-7
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Fish oil supplementation in early infancy modulates developing infant immune responses
D’Vaz N, Meldrum SJ, Dunstan JA, et al. (2012)
Clin Exp Allergy. 42:1206-16
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Effect of n-3 LCPUFA long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in pregnancy on infants’ allergies in first year of life: Randomised controlled trial
Palmer DJ, Sullivan T, Gold MS, et al. (2012)
BMJ. 344:e184
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Prenatal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and infant morbidity: randomized controlled trial
Imhoff-Kunsch B, Stein AD, Martorell R, et al. (2011)
Pediatrics. 128:e505-12
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DHA supplementation during pregnancy and lactation affects infants’ cellular but not humoral immune response
Granot E, Jakobovich E, Rabinowitz R, et al. (2011)
Mediators Inflamm. 2011:493925
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Allergic disease in infants up to 2 years of age in relation to plasma omega-3 fatty acids and maternal fish oil supplementation in pregnancy and lactation
Furuhjelm C, Warstedt K, Fagerås M, et al. (2011)
Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 22:505-14
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The effect of perinatal omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory markers and allergic diseases: a systematic review
Klemens CM, Berman DR, Mozurkewich EL (2011)
BJOG. 118:916-25
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Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy and lactation may decrease the risk of infant allergy
Furuhjelm C, Warstedt K, Larsson J, et al. (2009)
Acta Pediatr. 98:1461-7
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The effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in pregnancy on maternal eicosanoid, cytokine, and chemokine secretion
Warstedt K, Furuhjelm C, Duchen K, et al. (2009)
Pediatr Res. 66:212-7
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Fish oil intake compared with olive oil intake in late pregnancy and asthma in offspring: 16 y of registry-based follow-up from a randomized controlled trial
Olsen SF, Østerdal ML, Salvig JD, et al. (2008)
Am J Clin Nutr. 88:167-75
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Decreased cord blood IL-4, IL-13, and CCR4 and increased TGF-beta levels after fish oil supplementation of pregnant women
Krauss- Etschmann S, Hartl D, Rzehak P, et al. (2008)
J Allergy Clin Immunol. 121:464-470.e6
Cost Benefit Analysis
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Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation (DHA) and the return on investment for pregnancy outcomes
Shireman TI, Kerling EH, Gajewski BJ, et al. (2016)
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 111:8-10